James Buchanan

Born	April 23, 1791
Birth Place	Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	None (Bachelor)
Occupation	Lawyer, Diplomat
Religion	Presbyterian
Died	June 1, 1868
Death Place	Lancaster, Pennsylvania

James Buchanan was served as the 15th President of the United States. A popular and knowledgeable state politician and very successful attorney prior to his presidency. Buchanan's efforts to preserve peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states confirmed their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War. Buchanan's view of record was that secession was illegal, but that leaving to war to stop it was also illegal. Buchanan, first and leading an attorney, was noted for his mantra, "I acknowledge no master but the law." By the time he left office, popular opinion had turned beside him, and the Democratic Party had divide in two. He had once aspired to a presidency that would grade in history with that of George Washington.

American Civil War

The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States as well as some other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states confirmed their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy". Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought beside the United States, which was supported by all the free states and the five boundary slave states.

In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against the growth of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republican victory in that selection resulted in seven Southern states declares their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and Lincoln's incoming management rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.

Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when associate forces attacked a US military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state, foremost to declarations of secession by four more Southern slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union unspecified control of the Border States early in the war and reputable a naval blockade. In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation public statement made ending slavery in the South a war goal, and dissuaded the British from intervening.

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